Gun Control Essay Example for Free

Weapon Control Essay Weapon Control is by all accounts a greater amount of an issue today than it has ever been throughout the entire existence of our reality. We’ve all heard grievous reports about weapon brutality; we’ve been catching wind of these accounts since we’ve been mature enough to recall. Weapon control has consistently been a disputable issue, however it might be the most dubious of all issues now. The ongoing shootings at Sandy Hook in Newport, Connecticut have put firearm control at the front of the line. Weapon control isn’t comparative with my field of study, however it is an issue that I feel uninformed about. I can comprehend the perspectives on the two sides of the discussion, yet I work with many firearm fans who are extremist towards this issue, and I need to stop this numbness; at my work environment, however anyplace that the issue is being talked about. This is an intense and touchy issue that will influence my children’s future, and I have to teach myself since I need to be included. Weapon savagery is wild and should be halted. Firearm control has been, and presumably consistently will be, an issue that will consistently have resistance; yet the issue should be tended to now like never before. It’s not an issue of firearm control as a rule; it’s an issue of weapon control today. Everybody needs to remark on the ineffectualness of weapon control laws before, for example, the attack rifle band; expressing that firearm viciousness never diminished from these laws

Le Baiser De La Mort Essays - Duchess, , Term Papers

Le Baiser De La Mort The Kiss of Death Short timed clopping resounded all through the forlorn partner ways that injury through the dull external restrictions of Bordeaux, France. A scary tranquility lingered palpably, and simultaneously, a disrupting expectation. The lean coachman lashed out at his group of ponies, who previously pushed on in an uncomfortable trot. Downpour sprinkled apathetically from a terrible sky; a grave complexity to the dreamlike fretfulness that expended the occupants of the city. Indications of the extraordinary dark plague had been located in a little town along the Garonne River. So near Bordeaux. Level block dividers and wet partner ways flashed by, whirling together into a virus dim nothingness, as saw from inside the twitching stagecoach. Pulling her silk wrap nearer about her shoulders, the Duchess of Bordeaux shuddered, attempting to free herself of the foreboding mindfulness that had settled thickly around her, as a thick haze that snares itself upon a boggy scene. The mentor went to a sudden stop, breaking the ominous mentality the duchess had slipped by into. The downpour had started to pound barbarously upon the marble asphalt that prompted a tremendous stronghold. In minutes, the downpour dense into little shinning globes, breaking like a thousand applauds of roar as each hit the stone pathway. The Duchess flinched as the hailstones lashed at her uncovered tissue, hurrying to secure her shroud upon her jawline. Her arm raised to shield her eyes from the misleading solidified downpour, she started the trek up the dreary marble step case to her fabulous ch?teau; as she climbed, the marble got encased in a thick layer of ice. Short of breath, and her cheeks shaded blood red as a blasting fire, the Duchess entered through the overwhelming oak entryways driving into the huge vestibule that filled in as a passageway room into the luxuriously outfitted royal residence of the French regal family. Tensely, she permitted the workers to expel her splashed pieces of clothing, and at speed pulled back to her private chamber. Burning through no time, the Duchess evacuated a durable bit of material from a bureau and got a plume and ink. Composing hotly, she drudged for an hour over the fundamental dispatch, and fixed it with the official illustrious seal when she had wrapped up. Gathering for a worker, she provided requests to him with the end goal that he was to convey this letter by method of a solitary messanger who might be holding up at the base of the château steps. He was to tell nobody and do this as fast as could be expected under the circumstances. She would anticipate his arrival and convey his installmen t when the undertaking was finished. Unobtrusively, the Duchess took into the west passage that drove into the Duke's room chamber, to recover his lord key. Beneath, her significant other was engaging the nobles by method of his typical unrestrained masquerades. Helping through the conduits in the high house of God roofs, the Duchess tuned in to the gay percussion as it pounded musically, joined by giggling as clear and joyful as sleigh chimes. Not out of the ordinary, the duke, vainglorious and confident would be roosted upon his ruby-loaded tossed; his sharp highlights and projecting chest helped her to remember the haughty peacock; constantly one to blowhard his brilliant quills. Her appearance obscured. She envisioned him enhanced in his luxurious ensemble, claiming to be liberal and sincere to his visitors. He would top off their cups with his generally strong and developed French wines until they were smashed consequently he could examine significant issues of business and cheat them out of enormous totals of gold . She wrung her hands apprehensively, trusting her significant other would consider her at the disguise long enough for her to get word about her letter, in spite of the fact that she was unable to avoid raising the Duke's own doubts. She came back to her own chambers to prepared herself for the ball. Over the span of the night, the Duchess' dispatcher jogged with scramble to the living arrangement of Matthieu Brousseau; a frank political man who was a mainstream contact of the Duke himself. Once past the entryways of the royal residence, the hireling rushed to recognize the heaved smells about. Wagons shrieked past the delegate with masses of spoiling substance tossed upon them. The

Preparation For 1-on-1 Online Tutoring Session

Preparation For 1-on-1 Online Tutoring Session Preparation For 1-on-1 Online Tutoring Session Preparation For 1-on-1 Online Tutoring Session An online tutoring session provides a great way for you to get the most bang for your buck. Its one of the various tutoring options out there which, given its inherent flexibility, is attractive to many. To best utilize this service you want to go into it having learned as much as you can on your own, and then ask the tutor questions to help fill in those gaps in your knowledge. Questions like these tend to be the deeper, more insightful kind. These are the type of questions that fresh learners typically have; which cut right to the heart of the problem, and assume nothing in terms of prior knowledge. As is often the case, answers to these questions are often not provided by textbook authors and instructors. The reason for this is because people who have known the subject matter for years have a tendency to forget what it is like to learn the material in the first place. They have lost touch with those first learning steps, and therefore teach the material without regard to some of those learning bridges, which connect not understanding something to understanding something. As someone who is learning the material the first time, you have access to those gaps in explanation, and you want to make a note of them and then ask for clarification by the right person, such as a tutor. Getting those issues resolved will go a long way towards helping you get proficiency in the subject matter. And if you do it during a tutoring session you will do so in an efficient manner. It might be that there is some key lack of understanding that, when clarified, will make the rest of the subject material a lot easier to understand. But it is important to flesh out the details of what it is you dont understand. And then once you do that, seek help, and the process will be more useful to you. At Homework Help Canada, we can help you get to the bottom of your academic difficulties. Come to us with your prepared questions and we can help you out. With our 1-on-1 Skype tutoring we can help you resolve your difficulties as a first-time learner of the subject matter youre having difficulty with. And even if youre not a novice, but still want to get a better handle on the material, were available for that too. References: Glines, A. (2015, August 24). WSU offers students various tutoring services. Retrieved August 24, 2015, from Preparation For 1-on-1 Online Tutoring Session Preparation For 1-on-1 Online Tutoring Session Preparation For 1-on-1 Online Tutoring Session An online tutoring session provides a great way for you to get the most bang for your buck. Its one of the various tutoring options out there which, given its inherent flexibility, is attractive to many. To best utilize this service you want to go into it having learned as much as you can on your own, and then ask the tutor questions to help fill in those gaps in your knowledge. Questions like these tend to be the deeper, more insightful kind. These are the type of questions that fresh learners typically have; which cut right to the heart of the problem, and assume nothing in terms of prior knowledge. As is often the case, answers to these questions are often not provided by textbook authors and instructors. The reason for this is because people who have known the subject matter for years have a tendency to forget what it is like to learn the material in the first place. They have lost touch with those first learning steps, and therefore teach the material without regard to some of those learning bridges, which connect not understanding something to understanding something. As someone who is learning the material the first time, you have access to those gaps in explanation, and you want to make a note of them and then ask for clarification by the right person, such as a tutor. Getting those issues resolved will go a long way towards helping you get proficiency in the subject matter. And if you do it during a tutoring session you will do so in an efficient manner. It might be that there is some key lack of understanding that, when clarified, will make the rest of the subject material a lot easier to understand. But it is important to flesh out the details of what it is you dont understand. And then once you do that, seek help, and the process will be more useful to you. At Homework Help USA, we can help you get to the bottom of your academic difficulties. Come to us with your prepared questions and we can help you out. With our 1-on-1 Skype tutoring we can help you resolve your difficulties as a first-time learner of the subject matter youre having difficulty with. And even if youre not a novice, but still want to get a better handle on the material, were available for that too. References: Glines, A. (2015, August 24). WSU offers students various tutoring services. Retrieved August 24, 2015, from

Hiv / Aids The Rapid Spread Of Infectious Disease Essay

An epidemic can be defined as â€Å"The rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time†. When the culmination of an epidemic spreads across countries (then being identified as a pandemic) the affliction of the disease affects people of all varieties, being excluded from no cultural or social background. From The Black Death of 1347 to the Spanish Flu during World War I, pandemics have deeply affected populations throughout the world, sparking extreme social, economic, and medical advancements that have helped to shape communities of all diversities. One particularly influential pandemic that spread through Californian communities was the HIV/AIDS outbreak, an extremely erratic and largely unknown disease even of it’s modern time. The large scale spread of HIV/AIDS in California beginning roughly between late 1970’s/early 1980’s caused panic among medical professionals and affected communit ies throughout the entire state as well as The United States as a whole, ultimately becoming recognized as one of the largest modern pandemics worldwide. HIV is an incurable disease that affects the immune system by attacking T cells (help to fight infections) which unlike normal cells throughout the body cannot be rejuvenated. HIV is contracted through exposure to blood or bodily fluids containing the virus, weakening the immune system to levels in which the body becomes prone to infection and illness. Due to lack ofShow MoreRelatedThe Epidemic Of Infectious Diseases Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesFor thousands of years, infectious diseases have had a strong influence over human populations by challenging the immune system to continuously adapt to new virulent strains. With the advantage of reproducing more rapidly than the human immune response, microorganisms that cause even minor infections can prove to be fatal (Parham, 2015). Over time, outbreaks such as ‘The Great Plague’ have threatened to bring an end to society. Without the ability to contain these diseases geographically and provideRead MoreThe Public Health T riad Essay1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of public health in our society cannot be underestimated. The main goal of public health is to prevent and control diseases with the aim of promoting health. Humans contribute to this health promotion. However, human actions are also responsible to some detrimental health effects. Human behavior through habitat modification has led to the emergence of infectious diseases â€Å"Modification of natural habitats by humans is a leading cause of emerging zoonoses† (Battle, 2009, P 32). Humans contributeRead MoreThe Fight Against Non Communicable Diseases1221 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s society diseases are the main generalization that causes death and to be spread from state to state. Transnational diseases are life threatening and can cause a person to become ill for a very long time. Although, there are several types of diseases that complex the world, none stick out more than HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, Ebola, and animal dis eases. All of these take a major toll on the world with them passed from one person to another. With people visiting different countries day in andRead MoreHIV/AIDS in Botswana.1525 Words   |  7 Pageswith AIDS in 2003 (AIDS and HIV Statistics for Africa). In Botswana alone, the AIDS prevalence rate is an immense 36.5% (HIV and AIDS in Botswana). In Botswana, AIDS has been an ongoing epidemic since the first case reported in 1985 (HIV and AIDS in Botswana). AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which weakens a person s immune system causing them to be more susceptible to infectious diseases such as meningitis, pneumonia, the flu, and many other diseases. Though AIDS does notRead MoreUnderstanding The Evolution, Life History, And Aids, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome868 Words   |  4 PagesEbola and HIV Ebola, and AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, are both dangerous zoonotic diseases that originated in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS, the result of HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, has been an ongoing pandemic for decades. Meanwhile, the first Ebola case was recognized in the 1976 and has incurred severe sporadic outbreaks but has been controlled (Rajak, 2015). While both rapidly mutating RNA viruses, several key factors have allowed AIDS, to become a worldwide pandemic while EbolaRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Type 21523 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 HIV-II Discovered and Isolated In 1985, serological evidence was presented which suggested a virus closely related to simian T-lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-III) infected a man in Senegal West Africa (Barin, M’Boup, Denis 1985). At that time, Senegal, West Africa was a region where AIDS and AIDS-related diseases had been observed (Barin, M’Boup, Denis 1985). The results of the serological evidence suggested that certain healthy Senegalese people were exposedRead MoreHow Can We Protect Ourselves Against Infectious Disease?1404 Words   |  6 PagesHow Can We Protect Ourselves Against Infectious Disease? An infectious disease is caused by a pathogenic microorganism such as virus, bacteria, protists and fungi. It can spread directly or indirectly from human to human or from human to animal, which is called zoonotic. For infectious diseases such as AIDS or Hepatitis B, it is transmitted via breast-feeding, contaminated injections/transfusion and unprotected sex. Diseases like bird flu such as Influenza and SARS, they are transmitted via dropletsRead MoreThe HIV/AIDS Epidemic in China Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesChina is going through a period of rapid social transformation where these practices are becoming visible and being acknowledged by the Chinese. Recently, Chinese officials have recognized and admitted that the country is experiencing a widespread outbreak of HIV/AIDS. Previously, China adopted the position that there was little to no HIV/AIDS in the country, but now officials are admitting that they do in fact have a large population of citizens with HIV/AIDS. It is said to be the leading causeRead MoreTuberculosis And Its Effects On Society1704 Words   |  7 PagesThey called it consumption. It was an accurate name – it consumed you, and you coughed up pieces of yourself as the disease ravaged your body. More often than not, you died a painful, terrifying death, but not until after you showered your loved ones with the extremely contagious bacteria. Today we call it Tuberculosis, and, growing up as a child of the 80’s, my only exposure to TB was in the educational game, The Oregon Trail. Indeed, in the United States, TB is not something frequently seenRead MoreIsaiah Bouromphongsa . 2Nd Hour. Mrs. Klaren. 4/12/17.1013 Words   |  5 PagesIsaiah Bouromphongsa 2nd Hour Mrs. Klaren 4/12/17 HIV vs. Ebola HIV and Ebola are often compared to each other, but they are very different viruses. HIV also known as human immunodeficiency virus is one of two retroviruses that infect and destroy helper T cells of the immune system, causing a reduction of T cells. Ebola is an infectious and fatal disease that starts with fever and internal bleeding, spread through contact with infected bodily fluids by a filovirus. In The Hot Zone, Richard Preston

Personality Case Studies - 1618 Words

Abraham Maslow Case Study 18 Maslov’s hierarchy of the five innate needs describe the factors that activate and direct human behavior. They are the physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs. According to Maslov, these needs are instinctoid, or hereditary, but can be affected or overcome by learning, social expectations, and fear of disapproval. Therefore, these needs are subject to variation from one person to another (Schultz Schultz, 2012). 1) Before Frank was laid off, all five of Maslov’s needs were met. His physiological needs were satisfied because, although he disliked the third shift, Frank and his wife were able to afford a small house, put food on the table, and provide their children†¦show more content†¦As the self emerges, infants develop a need for positive regard, or the universal need for love, acceptance, and approval from others. Positive regard has a reciprocal nature in that when people perceive themselves to be satisfying someone else’s need for positive regard, they in turn experience satisfaction of that need themselves. By interpreting the feedback we receive from them (either approval or disapproval), we refine our self-concept (Schultz Schultz, 2012). 1) Before her experience with her support group, Katharine’s self-concept differed greatly from her ideal self. Katharine’s ideal self describes â€Å"one of those women who had it all: a career and family life† (p. 69, para. 3). She dreamed of being happily married with children and own her own business. However, Katharine â€Å"felt like such a failure† because she was divorced and working as a secretary for someone else’s business to support herself (p. 69, para. 1). Because Katharine had quickly married her â€Å"high school sweet heart† to satisfy her ideal self, her marriage enforced negative conditions of self worth on Katharine by her husband who â€Å"disapproved of her taking business courses† and â€Å"discouraged any attempts she made at earning money on her own† (p. 69, para. 2). In addition to the friction of theirShow MoreRelatedThe Personality Disorder Case Study891 Words   |  4 PagesPersonality Disorder Cas e Study Male client in his late forties for initial counseling session. He claims that he is only seeking counseling to appease his ageing mother (Laureate Education, 2012). He states his mother is 86 years old and is pushing him to find a girlfriend (Laureate Education, 2012). He states that he is not willing to change his ways to accommodate a relationship (Laureate Education, 2012). Client insists that he does not want a relationship, that he has never wanted one (LaureateRead MoreIntroductory Personality Psychology Case Study781 Words   |  4 Pagesintroductory personality psychology courses at The Pennsylvania State University from the Altoona and University Park campuses will be recruited for participation. All students enrolled in the courses will be required to complete the procedure for this study to earn a grade in the course, however, they will be required to give their consent to use their data in the present study in exchange for extra credit in the course. Those who do not consent to use their data will be omitted from the study and willRead MoreCase Study Intitled A Diamond Personality856 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½1ï ¿ ½ A Diamond Personality Dale A. Miller CJA/473 September 4, 2010 Gary Vernon Introduction A case study is a form of qualitative explanatory research that is used to look at individuals, a small group of participants, or a group as a whole. Research on case studies allows people to understand complex issues that can extend experience and add strength to previous research. Case studies articulate detailed analysis of a minimal number of events and their affairsRead MoreBorderline Personality Case Study: Maria1402 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Case study: Maria The patient Maria offers a case study in typical borderline personality symptoms. Maria has manifested a marked instability in the relationships in her personal life. Borderline patients often express over-idealization or demonization of the individuals in their lives. Their personalities are often histrionic, and they tend to see both people and events in black and white terms, either as bad or good. It is typical for a BPD (borderline personality disorder) patient to haveRead MoreCase Study: Schizotypal Personality Disorder852 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study #6 — Schizotypal Personality Disorder Background Information Tyler is a 15 year old male who is currently living at home with his mother and younger sister. His mother describes Tyler as â€Å"always being an odd child† who had significant difficulty relating to his peers. As a child he would spend a great deal of time alone involved in role playing. She said that social situations always provoke great anxiety in Tyler and he is extremely socially inept. Currently Tyler rarely socializes,Read MoreEssay on Foster Creek Post Office Case Study754 Words   |  4 PagesFoster Creek Post Office Case Study Background of Case This case is about an experienced city postal carrier who has recently filled a position at a small town post office and has difficulty adjusting to a different way of life. The central characters include: Larry (the postmaster of Foster Creek), Jim (a senior carrier) and George (a senior carrier). The Foster Creek Post Office exists in a small town and the typical way of life is carried through at the post office. Harry has arrived at FosterRead MoreAre there any advantages to thigpen and cleckley‚Äà ´s study over freuds is way of working with patients?1049 Words   |  5 PagesAre there any advantages to thigpen and cleckley’s study over freuds is way of working with patients? Freud’s study, Analysis of a phobia in a five-year old boy, is the account of the treatment of little Hans; a five year old boy who had been suffering form anxiety that led to a number of phobias. Freud uses this case study as strong support for his psychoanalytic ideas concerning; the unconscious determinism, psychosexual development, the Oedipus complex, the cause of phobias and psychoanalyticRead MoreDetermining The Data Collection Tools823 Words   |  4 Pagesbe used to collect the study data. The researcher examines the reason of the case study in depth using a selection of data gathering methods, to provide proof that leads to an understanding of the case, and answers the research questions. An important point of the case study method involves using multiple data collection; interviews, document reviews, collection of physical artifacts, and archival records. The data collection method the researcher will use in this study is document review. StepRead MoreMba 555 - Case Study Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesresolve conflict. Many of the topics covered in the chapter have a direct implication to the case study, Reputation in Jeopardy, and can be used to both analyze and provide insight into the possible future behavior of the characters in the study. The case can be broken down into three main questions: 1. What are the main conflicts between the characters? 2. How do the concepts of conflict relate to this case? 3. What course of action should the characters take to resolve their conflicts? The intentionRead MoreSports Leadership Of The 21st Century1105 Words   |  5 Pageslight to help young experts and sport administration understudies get to be pioneers in various regions of sports. Dockweiler, S. (2014, August 2). Https://www.themuse.com/advice/the-most-useful-personality- quiz-youll-take-this-week. Retrieved September 25, 2016, from http://time.com/3074037/personality-quiz/ This quiz by Dockweiler will not only help you to discover traits about yourself that you may have not noticed before, but its an actual eye opener and he has some great ideas that may be

Medicine Free Essays

Medicine is an important part of our lives, a fact true for those who experience serious health problems and those with relatively healthy backgrounds. In modern society, it accompanies us from the cradle to the grave, with all kinds of analyses, tests, vaccinations, preventive measures, and the like. The functioning of this huge and enormously complex and costly apparatus often makes individuals think that they are being handled by a well-oiled machine relying on rigorous scientific procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on Medicine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Yet the medical testing and evaluation procedures at this point still lack rigor, and patients are often trapped into wrong treatment by a doctor’s bad judgement. In general, there is less effectiveness and more mistakes in modern health care than one would expect, at least in developed nations with their high cost of services and health care often turned into a national priority. On my part, I first got a glimpse into the ineffectiveness and obscurity of modern medicine when my grandmother got cancer. It was not diagnosed till it was in the final stage, primarily because my Grandma was not the one to often see a doctor. However, when it became clear that she had it, and most physicians arrived at this conclusion based on how she felt, the greatest challenge proved to be the real diagnosis. Our problem was that nobody knew what type of cancer she had – obviously something in the stomach, but what exactly boggled the doctors. As a result, the 82-year-old woman with cancer in the final stage was forced to go from one medical examination to another, in a long string of visits to the hospital that consumed her last strength. The first tentative guess was that it was related to gynaecology, but the physician who tested her for this type of cancer found no pathology. As it turned out later, he made a gross mistake; however, it had not been discovered until she completed the full round of investigations that could find different varieties of cancer, and another gynaecologist assigned to see her immediately diagnosed her with ovary cancer. In this case, the fuzziness of procedures or blatant incompetence of a single doctor (we never found out what was the real cause) cost the old woman at least two weeks of continuous visits, instead of staying at home with her relatives to share with them the last moments of her long and fruitful life. When she got ill, my aunt and cousin moved to stay with us. Both being doctors, they often discussed their hypotheses about my grandmother’s illness, with their discussions impressing me with the vagueness and tentative approach to issues like the diagnosis. The whole process that had appeared to me as a coherent, authoritative investigation of the patient’s condition now looked as a haphazard analysis of disparate facts, driven more by intuition than by sound informed judgement. My reaction could have been aggravated by the fact that it was my relative who was being examined and I took a strong interest in her destiny, but in any case I began to take medical advice and evaluation with a grain of salt after that. While this story certainly presents the viewpoint of a layperson, tainted by emotional attitude, the same situation arouses concern of many qualified professionals. Dr. George D. Lundberg, the author of Severed Trust: Why American Medicine Hasn’t Been Fixed, also calls for toughening of medical standards in order to improve health care.   Lundberg calls for â€Å"national standards based on scientific knowledge and expertise† (McDonough, 2001). The establishment of such standards would permit improvements in the regulation of the sphere so vital for the well-being of doctors and patients. While Americans pay so much for medical care to the point where many poorer citizens cannot afford it, they do not always get the treatment they need and deserve. Dissatisfaction with the level of care provided is shared by many professionals who have seen flagrant cases of ignorance and sloppiness. Too often patients have to rely on judgements made on the basis of inadequate research and lack of information about the subject. Scheibner (2001) gives an example of the above describing how the exact causes of the Shaken Baby Syndrome appear doubtful; yet â€Å"a great number of parents and other carers are being accused of shaking their small babies and causing grievous bodily harm and death†. It is really frightful to think that people can be accused of causing harm to their children, a stigma that will stick to them for a lifetime while in reality they may be totally innocent. Dysfunctions that happen in children’s bodies are often an enigma to physicians who do not hesitate to put the blame on mothers and fathers, disregarding carers’ pleas that they have nothing to do with what happens to their children. Scheibner (2001) suggests that in fact such harm can be caused by â€Å"those who inject babies with great numbers of vaccines within short periods of time in the first months of life, often ignoring the observed serious reactions to the previous lots of vaccines†. Whatever is the case, it is clear that the causes of human illness for a great part remain obscure, and we are forced into guessing and never knowing what went wrong in this or that particular case. The worst part of this situation is that medical judgements can impact human lives, accusing carers of irresponsible behavior. The only hope is skilful physicians that are plenty around and the progress of science that will make the human body and internal processes less of a mystery. This paper does not attempt to vindicate professionals who selflessly devote their lives to caring for people in need and improving public health. Its only purpose is to attract attention to the still unsatisfactory state of affairs in medicine. Too often patients rely on the gut feeling of the doctor that can lead him or her to be blatantly wrong. In many cases, the process can be improved through thorough research and application of sound medical principles. Toughening medical standards can also be of help. With the general progress of science, it is to be hoped that medical care can also progress, allowing patients to receive more grounded diagnoses and prescriptions and minimising the risk of errors. Works Cited Hirsch, Joy. â€Å"Raising Consciousness.† Journal of Clinical Investigation 115 (2005):1102. McDonough, John E. â€Å"An Editor’s Diagnosis.† The American Prospect 12.7 (2001, April 23). Quality Interagency Coordination (QuIC) Task Force. Peer Review Protections. 7 July 2006 ;http://www.quic.gov/report/mederr6.htm;. Scheibner, Viera. â€Å"Shaken Baby Syndrome Diagnosis On Shaky Ground.† Journal of Australasian College of Nutritional ; Environmental Medicine 20.2 (August 2001): 5-8. Simon, Robert I. â€Å"Commentary: Medical Errors, Sentinel Events, and Malpractice.† Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 34.1(2006): 99-100. ; How to cite Medicine, Essay examples

Pension Fund Fiduciary Duty and Non-Financial Considerations Essay Example

Pension Fund Fiduciary Duty and Non-Financial Considerations Paper The fiduciary duties of loyalty and prudence have often been seen as presenting an impediment to the consideration of so-called non-financial factors, in particular ethical, environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors in investment strategy. In reality, it would be more appropriate to think of these ‘non-financial factors’ as not-yet-financial factors, thus acknowledging that currently non-financial factors may become financial as relevant legislation is introduced and public perception develops. This subsection discusses why so-called non-financial factors have been seen as offlimits for pension fund fiduciaries: briefly, the duty of loyalty has on occasion been interpreted as requiring fiduciaries to focus solely on immediate financial returns from investments; courts have at times interpreted the duty of prudence in such a way as to encourage fiduciaries to adhere to the status quo, discouraging innovation in investment (including looking to factors other than traditional financial considerations). Critics oppose the consideration of non-financial issues on the basis that such consideration may indulge the political motives of trustees at the expense of financial earnings for beneficiaries. Public pension funds, in particular, may be vulnerable to ill-judged, politically motivated investment decisions. This reasoning, if applied to climate change, paints pension funds’ consideration of the risks and opportunities associated with climate change in investment strategy as contrary to fiduciary duty, at least in so far as their inclusion is unconventional compared with industry peers. Part of the reason for the perpetuation of the perception that fiduciaries should not have regard to non-financial factors in their investment approach is the lack of recent case law directly on point. The main cases in both the US and the UK were decided in the 1980s, and in both places, the questions usually had to do with ethical and political questions regarding investment in then-apartheid South Africa. No case has tested the issue of whether specifically environmental factors may be taken into account in pension fund investment decisions. Certainly, no case has yet dealt with the question of whether pension fund investment strategy may have explicit regard to the risks and opportunities assoc iated with climate change. We will write a custom essay sample on Pension Fund Fiduciary Duty and Non-Financial Considerations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pension Fund Fiduciary Duty and Non-Financial Considerations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pension Fund Fiduciary Duty and Non-Financial Considerations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There have been recent attempts to clarify the status of non-financial considerations in pension fund investment strategy on both sides of the Atlantic. Unfortunately, neither country has succeeded. In the US, recent Department of Labor Bulletins intended to clarify the Department’s position have in fact confused the issue further. Some commentators from within the institutional investment industry have interpreted the bulletins as requiring strict avoidance of non-financial consideration in investment decision-making; many regard them simply as confused, confusing and contradictory. In the UK, comments from parliamentary debate in 2008 indicated some support for the view that ESG factors may legally be integrated into pension funds’ investment strategies. However, no legislative change was made, and as a result the comments are in no way binding. For these reasons, the uncertainty surrounding the requirements of fiduciary duty with respect to non-financial considerations remains, and creates a perception amongst trustees that it is safest not to test these waters. Without legislative clarification, it is likely that many pension funds will avoid the issue altogether by ignoring the question of climate change. US Case Law and Recent Commentary US cases considering trustees’ regard to non-financial factors in investment decisionmaking have produced mixed outcomes. In Board of Trustees of Employee Retirement System of the City of Baltimore v City of Baltimore, the City of Baltimore had passed ordinances requiring the city’s public pension funds to divest from companies that had business dealings in South Africa. The trustees of the funds sued the City, arguing that the ordinance restricted their ability to properly diversify by reducing their investment universe. This, they argued, unlawfully affected their duty of prudence. The trustees also argued that the ordinances unlawfully affected the common law duty of loyalty by diluting the trustees’ focus on the exclusive benefit of beneficiaries through the inclusion of social considerations. The Court of Appeal found that although the ordinances did reduce somewhat the universe of potential investments for trustees, ‘a diversified, [South Africa Free] portfolio can be managed consistently with the duty of prudence’. Furthermore, the court did ‘not believe that a trustee necessarily violates the duty of loyalty by considering the social consequences of investment decisions.’ Instead, the court stated that ‘a trustee’s duty is not necessarily to maximize the return on investments but rather to secure a â€Å"just† or â€Å"reasonable† return while avoiding undue risk.’ By contrast, in University of Oregon v Oregon Investment Council, the Court of Appeal of Oregon refused standing to the University of Oregon students associations who sought a declaration that the state could not invest endowment funds in companies operating in Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The students had challenged the Oregon Attorney-General’s view that such divestment amounted to a probable violation of fiduciary duty. The court stated that the students ‘do not allege any legally recognized injury, and neither agreement with plaintiffs’ opposition to apartheid nor the desirability of encouraging students to become concerned with social and moral wrongs and to seek to right them can turn the alleged â€Å"injuries† into legally recognized ones.’ The findings in these two cases (as well as other contemporaneous cases) suggest that whether or not non-financial considerations are permissible depends on the specific facts at hand. Surprisingly, there have been no significant recent US legal decisions to shed further light on these questions. Contradictory views about the status of non-financial considerations also appear in US commentary surrounding the issue of non-financial considerations in pension fund investment. The comments to se ction 5 of UPIA, which applies to public pension funds in almost all states, say that no form of so-called ‘social investing’ is consistent with the duty of loyalty if the investment activity entails sacrificing the interests of trust beneficiaries – for example, by accepting below-market returns – in favour of the interests of the persons supposedly benefited by pursuing the particular social cause. The UPIA comment suggests that there can be no trade-off between financial and non-financial gains in pension fund investment strategies. By contrast, the US Department of Labour’s position vis-à  -vis non-financial considerations by private pension funds is less clear. In 1998, the Department stated that fiduciary duties under ERISA do not preclude consideration of collateral benefits, such as those offered by a ‘socially-responsible’ fund, in a fiduciary’s evaluation of a particular investment opportunity. However, the existence of such collateral benefits may be decisive only if the fiduciary determines that the investment offering the collateral benefits is expected to provide an investment return commensurate to alternative investments having similar risks. Then, on 17 October 2008, the Department released two interpretive bulletins that further muddied its stance on non-financial considerations in institutional investment. The first bulletin provides ‘supplemental guidance relating to fiduciary responsibility in considering economically targeted investments’ (‘the ETI bulletin’). The second bulletin provides clarification on ‘the exercise of shareholder rights and written statements of investment policy, including proxy voting policies or guidelines’ (‘the shareholder rights bulletin’). The bulletins are intended to reiterate and clarify the Department of Labor’s ‘longstanding view that workers’ money must be invested and used solely to provide for retirements and not for political, corporate or other purposes’. The ETI bulletin states that ERISA establishes a clear rule that in the course of discharging their duties, fiduciaries may never subordinate the economic interests of the plan to unrelated objectives, and may not select investment on the basis of any factor outside the economic interest of the plan. However, where t wo or more alternative investments ‘are of equal economic value’, fiduciaries are permitted to ‘choose between the investment alternatives on the basis of a factor other than the economic interest of the plan’. The bulletin highlights the Department of Labor’s belief that fiduciaries who rely on non-economic factors to make investment decisions will find it difficult to prove compliance with ERISA ‘absent a written record demonstrating that a contemporaneous economic analysis showed the investment alternatives were of equal value’. The shareholder rights bulletin states that the fiduciary duties described in ERISA require that in voting proxies, regardless of whether the vote is made pursuant to a statement of investment policy, the responsible fiduciary shall consider only those factors that relate to the economic value of the plan’s investment and shall not subordinate the interests of the participants and beneficiaries in their retirement income to unrelated objectives. The shareholder rights bulletin also reinforces that all proxy voting guidelines in statements of investment policy must comply with fiduciary duty. As such, these ‘may not subordinate the economic interests of the plan participants to unrelated objectives.’ While Department of Labour bulletins are only binding upon pension funds that are governed by ERISA and do not affect general trust law, they are nonetheless likely to influence judicial interpretation. Shortly after the publication of the bulletins, the Social Investment Forum, (‘SIF’), wrote an open letter to the Department criticizing inconsistencies and ambiguities in the bulletins’ language. The bulletins appear to have confused, rather than clarified, the US Department of Labor’s views with respect to the inclusion of non-financial factors in decisionmaking. In short, US legal cases, legislation and Department of Labor commentary present pension funds with unclear guidance about their obligations with respect to the consideration of non-financial issues in investment strategy. UK Case Law and Recent Commentary The case that has had the greatest influence, somewhat undeservedly, on the issue of non-financial considerations in pension fund investment decisions in the UK is Cowan v Scargill. In that case, the five Board-appointed trustees of the Mineworkers’ Pension Scheme sued the other five (union-appointed) trustees over their refusal to agree to an investment plan unless it was amended ‘so as to prohibit any increase in overseas investment, to provide for the withdrawal of existing overseas investments at the most opportune time, and to prohibit inv estment in energies which are in direct competition with coal’. The Court found that the union trustees were in breach of their fiduciary duty in refusing to accept the diversified investment plan. Megarry VC held that: When the purpose of the trust is to provide financial benefits for the beneficiaries, as is usually the case, the best interests of the beneficiaries are normally their best financial interests. He went on to explain that trustees must put aside their social, political and moral views when making investment decisions on behalf of the trustees: In considering what investments to make trustees must put on one side their own personal interests and views. Trustees may have strongly held social or political views. They may be firmly opposed to any investment in South Africa or other countries, or they may object to any form of investment in companies concerned with alcohol, tobacco, armaments or many other things. In the conduct of their own affairs, of course, they are free to abstain from making any such investments. Yet under a trust, if investments of this type would be more beneficial to the beneficiaries than other investments, the trustees must not refrain from making the investments by reason of the views that they hold. Pension funds have often cited this case demonstrating that the ‘best interests’ of beneficiaries coincide with their financial interests and that non-financial considerations are likely to breach fiduciary duty. Therefore, the belief that trustees must seek to maximise profit at the expense of all other considerations has held currency with many institutional investors. However, this interpretation has been challenged. A number of commentators, including Megarry VC himself, have argued that the Cowan v Scargill decision has been overly influential and has been interpreted too widely. Writing in an academic paper in 1989, Megarry expressed surprise at amount of attention his decision had received (that was twenty-two years ago, and the decision is still the primary case on the matter). This view was reinforced in Martin v City of Edinburgh District Council, in which Lord Murray said ‘I cannot conceive that trustees have an unqualified duty †¦ simply to invest trust funds in the most profitable investment available.’ Under the Occupational Pension Schemes (Investment) Regulations (2005), a pension fund’s statement of investment principles must detail ‘the extent (if at all) to which social, environmental or ethical considerations are taken into account in the selection, retention and realisation of investments’. On 7 October 2008, the UK legislature debated whether legislation should go further and establish a general rule that certain non-financial issues could inform pension fund investment decisionmaking. In speaking about a proposed amendment to the Pension Bill, Lord McKenzie stated that ‘there is no reason in law why trustees cannot consider social and moral criteria in addition to their usual criteria of financial returns, security and diversification’. Lord McKenzie went on to say that: It follows from this that it may be appropriate for trustees to engage in these considerations with companies in which they invest. This may include disinvesting from such companies if, acting in accordance with their fiduciary duties and the objects of their trust, they consider that this is right and in the best interests of their members. These comments were not, however, followed by any legislative clarification of the issue in the UK. Indeed, they were intended to demonstrate that no legislative sanctioning of socially driven investing was necessary, with Lord McKenzie going on to say: It would not be appropriate for the Government or Parliament to impose any guidelines that might restrict the trustee’s independence in carrying out its overriding duty to members, although governments have a role in engendering a climate which fosters ethical investment and in ensuring that legislation does not act as a barrier to those who are committed to this. In 2005, the United National Environment Program Finance Initiative (UNEP FI) released a report that examined the issue of institutional investors’ tre atment of ESG factors in investment decision-making. The report surveyed the legal landscape in both common law and civil law jurisdictions and came to the conclusion that: It is not a breach of fiduciary duties per se to have regard to ESG considerations while pursuing the purposes of the trust. Rather, in our opinion, it may be a breach of fiduciary duties to fail to take account of ESG considerations that are relevant and to give them appropriate weight, bearing in mind that some important economic analysts and leading financial institutions are satisfied that a strong link between good ESG performance and good financial performance exists. Despite the sanguine views of UNEP FI, neither recent case law nor legislation has appeared to confirm or deny either their assertions or those of Lord McKenzie. Nor has the US Department of Labor’s recent commentary been tested. With the recent entrance of the Obama administration, it is possible that the commentary will undergo further change before there is an opportunity for it to be tested. Therefore, the legal position with respect to pension funds’ consideration of non-financial factors in investment strategy remains unclear in both the US and the UK. As the law currently stands, the inclusion of the risks and opportunities associated with climate change as a factor in investment decision-making may be perfectly acceptable. On the other hand, it may put pension funds at risk of violating their fiduciary obligations: until legislation or case law clarifies the point, funds will not know. And, until the advent of such a case or of relevant legislation, pension funds will be wary of amending their investment strategies. It is this uncertainty, rather than fiduciary duty itself, that acts as an impediment to the consideration of non-financial factors at present. Next Page – Fiduciary Duty’s Paradox: Incrementally Flexible Previous Page – Fiduciary Duty as a Perceived Barrier to Change

Acid Rain4 essays

Acid Rain4 essays The damaging effects of acid rain on society is becoming overwhelmed with great amounts of pollution from cars, factories and an large amounts of garbage. The immense amounts of sulphur dioxide put into the air causes high levels of acid in the atmosphere. When this sulphuric acid is absorbed into moisture in the air, then rain can be harmful to the environment. Acid rain is destroying lots of things in our environment. It is hurting lakes, air and thew rest of our ecosystem. Acid rain is killing lakes and decreasing the number of animals in these lakes. Acid rain greatly lowers the amounts of pH in the water. Each decade the pH levels of lakes around Ontario have become ten times more acidic. The high acid levels contained in lakes also causes a decrease in the number of fish living in these lakes. Also the high amounts of acid in the water can lead to fish being deformed. They have messed up and out of shape backbones, flattened heads and strangely curved tails. When there gets to be a lot of acid in the water, then there is barely anything left besides rock bass, pumpkinseed and lake herring. As with sulphur dioxide in rain, mercury is also discharged into the water. There is a direct connection between the mercury rich lakes as there is with those with high acidic levels. This metal becomes concentrated in the blood and tissues of fish. Acid rain causes traumatic effects in natural lakes and rivers. Acid rain causes air quality to deteriorate. As in water, acid rain causes the pH levels in the air to decrease. The sulphur dioxide, which diffuses into the air, mixes with moisture causing the pH levels to drop from the normal level. Again, the normal level is somewhere around seven, yet in some acidic air masses the levels can be as low as three. These lowered pH levels form a photochemical smog in the atmosphere. In the air Anitrogen oxides react with ozone and some hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight to ...

Universal Basic Income - Definition and History

Universal Basic Income - Definition and History Universal basic income is a controversial proposal under which the government provides regular, permanent cash payments to each citizen with the intent of lifting everyone out of poverty, encouraging their participation in the economy and covering the costs of their most fundamental needs including food, housing and clothing. Everyone, in other words, gets a paycheck - whether they work or not. The idea of setting a universal basic income has been around for centuries but remains largely experimental. Canada, Germany, Switzerland and Finland have launched trials of universal basic income variations. It gained some momentum among some economists, sociologists and tech industry leaders with the advent of technology that allowed factories and businesses to automate the manufacturing of goods and to reduce the size of their human workforces. How the Universal Basic Income Works There are many variations of the universal basic income. The most basic of these proposals would merely replace Social Security, unemployment compensation and public-assistance programs with a basic income for every citizen. The U.S. Basic Income Guarantee Network supports such a plan, stating that the system of trying to force Americans into the workforce as a way of eliminating poverty has not proven successful. Some estimates show that approximately 10 percent of people who work full time all year around live in poverty. Hard work and a booming economy have not comes close to eliminating poverty. A universal program like the basic income guarantee could eliminate poverty, the group states. Its plan would provide a  level of income necessary to meet their most basic needs to every American, regardless of whether they worked, in a system is describes as an efficient, effective, and equitable solution to poverty that promotes individual freedom and leaves the beneficial aspects of a market economy in place. A more complicated version of the universal basic income would provide about the same monthly payment to every American adult, but it would also require that about a quarter of the money be spent on health care insurance. It would also impose graduated taxes on the universal basic income for any other earnings over $30,000. The program would be paid for by eliminating public-assistance programs and entitlement programs such as Social Security and Medicare.   Cost of Providing a Universal Basic Income One universal basic income proposal would provide $1,000 a month to all 234 million adults in the United States. A household with two adults and two children, for example, would receive $24,000 a year, barely hitting the poverty line. Such a program would cost the federal government $2.7 trillion a year, according to economist Andy Stern, who writes about the universal basic income in a 2016 book, Raising the Floor. Stern has said the program could be funded by eliminating about $1 trillion in antipoverty programs and reducing spending on defense, among other methods. Why Universal Basic Income Is a Good Idea Charles Murray, a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and the author of In Our Hands: A Plan to Replace the Welfare State,† has written that a universal basic income is the best way to maintain a civil society amid what he described as a coming labor market unlike any in human history. It will need to be possible, within a few decades, for a life well lived in the U.S. not to involve a job as traditionally defined. ... The good news is that a well-designed UBI can do much more than help us to cope with disaster. It also could provide an invaluable benefit: injecting new resources and new energy into an American civic culture that has historically been one of our greatest assets but that has deteriorated alarmingly in recent decades. Why Universal Basic Income Is a Bad Idea Critics of a universal basic income say that it creates a disincentive for people to work and it rewards non-productive activities. States the Mises Institution, named for the Austrian economic Ludwig von Mises: The struggling entrepreneurs and artists ... are struggling for a reason. For whatever reason, the market has deemed the goods they are providing to be insufficiently valuable. Their work simply isn’t productive according to those who would potentially consume the goods or services in question. In a functioning  marketplace, producers of goods the consumers dont want  would quickly have to abandon such endeavors and focus their efforts into productive areas of the economy. The universal basic income, however, allows them to continue their less-valued  endeavors  with the money of those who have actually produced value, which gets to the ultimate problem of all government welfare programs. Critics also describe the universal basic income as a wealth-distribution scheme that punishes those who work harder and earn more by directing more of their earnings to the program. Those who earn the least benefit the most, creating the disincentive to work, they believe. History of Universal Basic Income The humanist philosopher Thomas More, writing in his seminal 1516 work  Utopia, argued for a universal basic income. The Nobel Prize winning activist  Bertrand Russell  proposed in 1918 that a universal basic income, sufficient for necessities, should be secured for all, whether they work or not, and that a larger income should be given to those who are willing to engage in some work which the community recognizes as useful. On this basis we may build further. Bertrands view was that providing the basic needs of every citizen would free them up to work on more important societal goals and live more harmoniously with their fellow man. After World War II, economist Milton Friedman  floated the idea of a guaranteed income. Friedman wrote: We should replace the ragbag of specific welfare programs with a single comprehensive program of income supplements in cash - a negative income tax. It would provide an assured minimum to all persons in need, regardless of the reasons for their need†¦A negative income tax provides comprehensive reform which would do more efficiently and humanely what our present welfare system does so inefficiently and inhumanely. In the modern era, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has forward the idea, telling Harvard University graduates that we should explore ideas like universal basic income to make sure that everyone has a cushion to try new ideas.

Power Point Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Power Point Research Proposal - Essay Example However, heart attack risk factors can be effectively reduced by embracing a healthy living style, which includes modified diets, lifestyle, and physical activities for older women. The PICOT-based research question will be the basis for the practice where two heart attack reduction intervention will be compared, which include the use of Aspirin and lifestyle modification. Mortality rate caused by heart attack in older women is a global epidemic. Although there being medications such as Aspirin to reduce heart attack, the side effects are adverse making it a rather risky intervention. However, lifestyle modification forms a better intervention compared to the use of Aspirin as it has minimal risks and side effects and promote the overall health of a woman as well as reducing risks to other diseases. The evidence-based practice aims at establishing the effectiveness of modifying lifestyle to reduce the chances of a heart attack that will be compared to the use of Aspirin intervention. The practice further aims at improving awareness of heart attack risk factors that will be a major intervention in reducing mortality rate from heart diseases in older women. The evidence-based practice will be important, as it will find out whether lifestyle modification for women aged 45-75 years is better compared to the Aspirin regimen. The practice will further promote awareness of risks factors that contribute to heart attacks among older women. Studies have shown that physical activity has been one of the most successful interventions in reducing coronary heart disease. Daily exercise including simple walks has potential health benefits including reducing heart attack risks. The literature conducted aimed at the perceptions associated with Aspirin regimen in reducing the risk of heart attack. Additionally, reviewed studies aimed at comparing the efficacy of modifying lifestyle to the use of Aspirin regimen. Notably, most studies points out that modification

Communications Plan _ Context Analysis _ Promotional Objectives _ Assignment

Communications Plan _ Context Analysis _ Promotional Objectives _ Marketing Communications Strategies _ Promotional Mix - Assignment Example An effective communication plan acts as a guide to the marketing managers in the company to maintain a better cooperative relationship with the targeted customer group through an enhanced ability to suffice customer needs (Lyles, 2002). It is also argued to be an effective tool to build trust amid the customer groups, which not only stimulates greater volume of customers purchasing the offered service/product, but also ensures long-run stability in the organisation-client relationship (Andersen, 2001). Context Analysis Cambridge Science Pharmaceuticals (CSP), as an international healthcare company, puts principle emphasis on marketing, manufacturing and developing medicinal products that treat gastrointestinal diseases, metabolic disorders, and immune deficiencies along with other chronic and acute medical conditions. Notably, the study in Quelch & Beckham (2010) reflects that majority of the US residents are facing problems related to overweight and obesity, which includes almost ev ery age group with dissimilar perceptions. This rating apparently advocated that one of the major causes for the preventable death toll in the US was diseases of health issues resulting from overweightedness and obesity. It is worth mentioning in this context that with the research conducted by CSP’s Senior Director of Marketing, Barbara Printup, overweight was related to a number of serious health complications about which, the common public was becoming increasingly aware of, taking measures to avoid these hazards. All these factors undoubtedly presented a promising scenario as much as the demand for a weight-loss safe drug was concerned (Quelch & Beckham, 2010). However, the study shows that there were many drugs being circulated around the market to suffice the demand for weight-loss drugs in the US. For example, Alli, a weight-loss drug product, was launched in the US market in 2008 after its approval by the FDA. The product was failed to capture the market because of ne gative side effects, directly hampering the gastrointestinal conditions of the regular consumers. On the other hand, other Over-The-Counter (OTC) weight-loss solutions focused on their capabilities to serve with minimum side-effect assurance, being based on herbal ingredients such as green tea extract, hoodia and chromium. These products were categorised as herbal or dietary supplements by the FDA, which even though ensured minimum side-effects, but were massively slow in yielding faster results (Quelch & Beckham, 2010). Based on the arguments, it becomes explicit that even if the market presented a promising opportunity for the weight-loss drug, it also had its unique barriers of side-effects and faster results. Correspondingly, Metabical possessed some negative effects, which can hamper its market presence and long-run success potentials subjected to the effectiveness of the marketing strategies used for its launch (Quelch & Beckham, 2010). Promotional Objectives As mentioned in Q uelch & Beckham (2010), the final launch of Metabical was pending on the year 2009, in the month of January, following its approval by the FDA. Correspondingly, CSP had a year to program its promotional strategies. The promotional objectives, thereby determined by Printup on behalf of CSP’s Metabical were targeted to both the end consumers and the health care providers who shall be a pivotal participant in the communication plan. The foremost

Theprince By Machiavelli Chap :: essays research papers

The Prince Chapter Analysis The Prince, by Machiavelli, was written for the Italian deMedici family and intended to be used as a guidebook for retaining political power. In the chapter entitled "That We Must Avoid Being Despised and Hated," Machiavelli describes the traits that a leader should avoid. He also describes the traits a leader must have in order to have the respect and loyalty of his subjects. Machiavelli writes, "He is rendered despicable by being thought changeable, frivolous, effeminate, timid, and irresolute." Machiavelli believes the leader should never vacillate. The leader's words would become meaningless for he cannot gain anything by constantly changing his goals and his decisions. An example of this would be a manager wishes to complete a task and he orders his workers to begin this task. The manager later decides to change this task abandoning his first task, and he instructs his workers to begin the new task. The manager instructs his workers to return to the first task. The workers begin to become frustrated, and the manager has yet to accomplish a task. Thus, a leader must not vacillate in order to accomplish any goal. A leader must always accomplish the goals he sets out to accomplish, for if he chooses to attain a goal which he has no hope of gaining, then he is a frivolous ruler, and according to Machiavelli, deserves to become despised. A t imid ruler would be too weak and too scared to rule his people, and he would never get a task done. An effeminate ruler is thought to have feminine qualities. In those times, someone who was feminine could not be taken seriously. A leader must always resolve a problem for all problems allowed to "get out of hand" tend to become large problems, and this will show the leader's inability to resolve things. An example of this would be a king becomes aware that his crops were not as productive one year. The king decides nothing on it. Later that winter, his people begin to starve, but the king has done nothing to help. The starving people begin to revolt against this irresolute king. Therefore, a king must not be irresolute. Machiavelli describes these traits so the traits may be avoided by the leader. The leader would become despised and not respected by his citizens and fellow rulers if he is thought to be changeable, frivolous, effeminate, timid, and irresolute.

Partnership Working Essay

In this report I will explore the key arguments and issues associated with partnership working. I will assess the validity of the arguments presented and consider the wider implications of this. I will highlight how this influenced my decision to collect data from a range of sources to increase the verisimilitude of the process. The small scale evaluation will focus on understanding why BeSD students fail to make the required levels of progress, even when receiving targeted support. I will try to ascertain the attitudes/values and beliefs of the outside agencies involved with the Academy and identify ways to move forward. Finally I will delineate how this activity has impacted on my current thinking and as a result how this will change my future practice. Key Arguments & Issues The original concept of partnership working came about as a direct result of Victoria Climbie’s death in 2000. Lord Laming (2003) conducted an independent inquiry and found the agencies involved to be grossly negligent, which is reinforced by Frost (2005). This led to the formation of the initiative ‘Every Child Matters’ and the Children’s Act of 2004, which outlined how all agencies involved in working with children, should have a shared responsibility to improve health and wellbeing; by leading community partnerships, delivering on national priorities/targets and commissioning/delivering services. The main aim was to protect children of all ages in the UK. MacAuslan (2006) outlines what the benefits are to partnership working; enhanced wellbeing of children and parents, plus an increased accuracy of needs assessment carried out by professionals. Tunnard (1991) defined Partnership working as; ‘The essence of partnership is sharing. It is marked by respect for one another, role divisions, rights to information, accountability, competence, and value accorded to individual input. In short, each partner is seen as having something to contribute, power is shared, decisions are made jointly and roles are not only respected but are also backed by legal and moral rights.’ However, current research suggests that partnership working is fraught with difficulties and even the term ‘Partnership Working’ is considered a contested concept. Burton et al (2009) & JIT (2009) amongst a whole plethora of authors, outline what these potential barriers could be; †¢ Clarity of roles and accountability †¢ Behaviour and power relationships †¢ Varying degrees of skills & knowledge †¢ Structure and the environment †¢ Processes †¢ Available resources †¢ External & cultural influences JIT (2009) usefully explores these above barriers in more depth, using an Ishikawa Fishbone diagram, to ascertain the root cause of these issues; Glenny (2005) suggests that it will be impossible to control the ‘system’ as outlined in the above diagram (partnership work), but that it may be possible to formulate good practice through the management of communication, in creating an environment of trust. Frost & Lloyd (2006), Pinkus (2005), MacAuslan (2006), Burton et al (2009) & Treseder et al (2003) have all stressed what the key ingredients are for successful partnership working; †¢ Good communication †¢ Fostering of trusting relationships through transparent communication, empathy and understanding †¢ Clear purpose †¢ Win – Win †¢ Equal balance of power for all stakeholders The majority of the evidence points towards partnership work resulting in positive outcomes for children. However, Frost (2005 pp.19-20) intimates that a shift toward increased partnership working would be politically undesirable for the families involved, due to an increase of surveillance, control and as a result increased social exclusion, which is a very plausible argument. However, I think that without partnership working the possibility of social exclusion would increase. So we need to ask ourselves which is the lesser of the two evils. In our Academy children with BeSD are still underperforming, achieving way below expected standards and are at risk of permanent exclusion but more importantly social exclusion. From the research conducted and a development of my understanding of this concept, I was led to believe that there is an inherent problem within our partnerships. In an attempt to discover what the root cause was, I decided to investigate this particular issue further focusing on our work with outside partners. The Evaluation During the initial stages I selected data that would highlight which students were underperforming due to the amount of time they had lost as a result of detentions and exclusions. I then used the vulnerable student’s database to ascertain if these particular students had been identified as BeSD. The CAFs and TACs were then reviewed; to gain a flavour for the agencies involved their attendance, the attendance of parents, the action taken and the progress to date. It was clear from this evidence that the majority of the outside agencies were attending regular reviews, as were the parents, but progress was slow. I decided to carry out a structured group interview of all the outside agencies involved in an attempt to unpick the problem further. The information collated suggested multiple causes for lack of progress. One particular theme that aspired was the lack of follow through in the classroom of work being done by outside agencies. Goodman & Burton (2010) corroborate these findings. They relate how partners felt that their work was ‘undone’ when the individual went back to school and how teachers did not feel supported and lacked the information and relevant skills to deal with students who have BeSD. Another theme that emerged was how the partners felt that the behaviour management system was inflexible and did not cater for these particular students, hence resulted in exclusions. The partners also suggested that further intervention to work more closely with these students and their parents was needed. They suggest how both of these themes impacted directly on their remit, which caused them further frustration. Treseder et al (2003) describes how all partners need to be able to fulfil their remit to achieve success, which the themes suggest is not happening. Hence it is important to regularly review practices and procedures to ensure the key ingredients are incorporated to achieve success. The Evidence Much of the evidence collected suggests that partnership working is indeed fraught with problems. The research evidence is from the result of a small scale study. The majority of the data collected came from the interview group structured questions. Hence, it is plausible to suggest that I could have influenced the data. As a result this type of data collection does have its dissenting voices concerning its reliability, due to the lack of quantitative data and empirical value. However, it can be argued that quantitative data does not give the thick descriptions required for this type of study. I do believe that I have influenced the investigation, as I originally thought that this may have been a problem and therefore the questions I asked may have dictated the outcome. In hindsight it may have been more pertinent in this instance to have conducted unstructured interviews or possibly to take a more organic approach and allow the hypothesis to be determined from the data gathered. It would have also been more beneficial to have recorded the interview group, as I may have missed out important information. The recordings would have allowed me to pick through at my own time and in much more detail. The transcriptions were possibly of poor quality compared to a full time researcher, who would potentially have access to software that would identify the themes that occur, plus they would have more time to go through the data. Reflection Before carrying out the research for this assignment I was totally unaware of all the issues that partnership working faced and the tensions between policy and practice. As a school leader my main aim is to achieve governmental targets, whilst incorporating inclusive practice. I believed with absolute conviction that my core principles values and beliefs were centred on inclusive practice. I now realise that I could not make this judgement, as I did not have the required knowledge or skills to identify the core issues and therefore resolve them. Reading around the subject has developed my knowledge on what partnership working is and what the key ingredients are for it to be successful, which has given me the tools to question our policies and practice. It may be concluded that our current practice can be attributed to the underachievement of students with BeSD. It is clear that there is a need to review our current teaching and learning practices and policies, to involve teaching staff as partners and provide the required information and the necessary training but also giving partners the opportunity to share strategies with teaching staff. What is also apparent is the need to create a second layer within the behaviour management system for students who display these types of behaviours. Furthermore, it is important to implement further strategies to prevent exclusions and aid the partners involved to achieve their remit. It is imperative to include parents at all stages of the process to ensure our practice is truly inclusive. Above all however, it is important that our procedures and practises are regularly reviewed to ensure our partnership working sustains the key ingredients for success and helps these students to achieve. Bibliography Burton, D. M. et al (2009) ‘Are the contradictions and tensions that have characterised educational provision for young people with behavioural, emotional and social difficulties a persistent feature of current policy?’ Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 141-155: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Frost, N. (2005) ‘Professionalism, partnership and joined up thinking: a research review of front-line working with children and families’, Totnes: Research in Practice (eds) Partnership Working Reader Frost, N. & Lloyd, A. (2006) ‘Implementing Multi-Disciplinary Teamwork in the New Child Welfare Policy Environment’, Journal of Integrated Care, Vol. 14 Iss: 2 pp. 11 – 17: Emerald Publications Glenny, G. (2005) ‘Riding the dragon; developing inter-agency systems for supporting children’, Support for Learning Vol. 20 4 pp. 167 – 175: (eds) Partnership Working Reader Goodman, R. L. & Burton, D. M. (2010) ‘The inclusion of students with BESD in mainstream schools: teachers’ experiences of and recommendations for creating a successful inclusive environment’, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, Vol. 15:3, pp. 223-237: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. JIT (2009) ‘Barriers to Partnership Working’, Briefing Notes for Practioners & Managers. [online] at https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2fEk6ihnbTEJ:www.jitscotland.org.uk/downloads/1250518249-Chapter%25204%2520-%2520Barriers%2520to%2520Partnership%2520Working.pdf+joint+improvement+team+chapter+4&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiUdOrN6KrSQ66CrHDX1qU9rKSq6rBjZ-TPIufGxwsL9LhdUpxizVuiBRiCA6t9WhmAamFvu5cpSSN61fkFUZtfgknghCQQAjXL-jygk7GfAyDgRBIJe98Ea44eJXYyZbFU91iP&sig=AHIEtbQPrQevS-EOfbRjnP4wir2Gym_8VA Accessed on 3/6/2012 MacAulsan, E. (2006) ‘Partnership Working’, The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health Vol. 126: pp. 160: Sage Publishing Pinkus, S. (2003) ‘All the talk and no action: transforming the rhetoric of parent – professional partnership into practice’, Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs Vol. 3: No 2: pp. 128 – 141: (eds) Partnership Working Reader. Pinkus, S. (2005) ‘Bridging the gap between policy and practice: adopting a strategic vision for partnership’, British Journal of Special Education Vol. 32, No. 4: Working in special education. Treseder, J et al (2003) ‘Report of a Multi-agency Action Research Project to Improve Service Delivery to Families with Complex Needs’, University of Nottingham Publications. Tunnard, J. (1991) ‘The Children Act – Partnership With Families’, The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, Vol, 112, pp. 240: Sage Publishers

Guide and Examples for Writing a Sociology Abstract

If you are a student learning sociology, chances are you will be asked to write an abstract. Sometimes, your teacher or professor may ask you to write an abstract at the beginning of the research process to help you organize your ideas for the research. Other times, the organizers of a conference or editors of an academic journal or book will ask you to write one to serve as a summary of research you have completed and that you intend to share. Lets review exactly what an abstract is and the five steps you need to follow in order to write one. Definition Within sociology, as with other sciences, an abstract is a brief and concise description of a research project that is typically in the range of 200 to 300 words. Sometimes you may be asked to write an abstract at the beginning of a research project and other times, you will be asked to do so after the research is completed. In any case, the abstract serves, in effect, as a sales pitch for your research. Its goal is to pique the interest of the reader such that he or she continues to read the research report that follows the abstract or decides to attend a research presentation you will give about the research. For this reason, an abstract should be written in clear and descriptive language and should avoid the use of acronyms and jargon. Types Depending on at what stage in the research process you write your abstract, it will fall into one of two categories: descriptive or informative. Those written before the research is completed will be descriptive in nature. Descriptive abstracts provide an overview of the purpose, goals, and proposed methods of your study, but do not include discussion of the results or conclusions you might draw from them. Informative abstracts are super-condensed versions of a research paper that provide an overview of the motivations for the research, problem(s) it addresses, approach and methods, the results of the research, and your conclusions and implications of the research. Preparing to Write Before you write an  abstract there are a few important steps you should complete. First, if you are writing an informative abstract, you should write the full research report. It may be tempting to start by writing the abstract because it is short, but in reality, you cant write it until you the report is complete because the abstract should be a condensed version of it. If youve yet to write the report, you probably have not yet completed analyzing your data or thinking through the conclusions and implications. You cant write a research abstract until youve done these things. Another important consideration is the length of the abstract. Whether you are submitting it for publication, to a conference, or to a teacher or professor for a class, you will have been given guidance on how many words the abstract can be. Know your word limit in advance and stick to it. Finally, consider the audience for your abstract. In most cases, people you have never met will read your abstract. Some of them may not have the same expertise in sociology that you have, so its important that you write your abstract in clear language and without jargon. Remember that your abstract is, in effect, a sales pitch for your research, and you want it to make people want to learn more. Step-by-Step Guide Motivation. Begin your abstract by describing what motivated you to conduct the research. Ask yourself what made you pick this topic. Is there a particular social trend or  phenomenon that sparked your interest in doing the project? Was there a gap in existing research that you sought to fill by conducting your own? Was there something, in particular, you set out to prove? Consider these questions and begin your abstract by briefly stating, in one or two sentences, the answers to them.Problem. Next, describe the problem or question to which your research seeks to provide an answer or better understanding. Be specific and explain if this is a general problem or a specific one affecting only certain regions or sections of the population. You should finish describing the problem by stating your hypothesis, or what you expect to find after conducting your research.Approach and methods. Following your description of the problem, you must next explain how your research approaches it, in terms of theoretical framing or general perspective, and which research methods you will use to do the research. Remember, this should be brief, jargon-free, and concise.Results. Next, describe in one or two sentences the results of your research. If you completed a complex research project that led to several results that you discuss in the report, highlight only the most significant or noteworthy in the abstract. You should state whether or not you were able to answer your research questions, and if surprising results were found too. If, as in some cases, your results did not adequately answer your question(s), you should report that as well.Conclusions. Finish your abstract by briefly stating what conclusions you draw from the results and what implications they might hold. Consider whether there are implications for the practices and policies of organizations and/or government bodies that are connected to your research, and whether your results suggest that further research shoul d be done, and why. You should also point out whether the results of your research are generally and/or broadly applicable or whether they are descriptive in nature and focused on a particular case or limited population. Example Lets take as an example the abstract that serves as the teaser for a journal article by sociologist Dr. David Pedulla. The article in question, published in American Sociological Review,  is a report on how taking a job below ones skill level or doing part-time work can hurt a persons future career prospects in their chosen field or profession.  The abstract is annotated with bolded numbers that show the steps in the process outlined above. 1. Millions of workers are employed in positions that deviate from the full-time, standard employment relationship or work in jobs that are mismatched with their skills, education, or experience. 2. Yet, little is known about how employers evaluate workers who have experienced these employment arrangements, limiting our knowledge about how part-time work, temporary agency employment, and skills underutilization affect workers labor market opportunities. 3. Drawing on original field and survey experiment data, I examine three questions: (1) What are the consequences of having a nonstandard or mismatched employment history for workers labor market opportunities? (2) Are the effects of nonstandard or mismatched employment histories different for men and women? and (3) What are the mechanisms linking nonstandard or mismatched employment histories to labor market outcomes? 4. The field experiment shows that skills underutilization is as scarring for workers as a year of unemployment, but that there are limited penalties for workers with histories of temporary agency employment. Additionally, although men are penalized for part-time employment histories, women face no penalty for part-time work. The survey experiment reveals that employers perceptions of workers competence and commitment mediate these effects. 5. These findings shed light on the consequences of changing employment relations for the distribution of labor market opportunities in the new economy. Its really that simple.